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一、前言

 

日前,一齣由新銳導演拍攝,許多電影人支持的電影《十二夜》卻被一名資深有名的藝人公開點名指責是部「無懸念、美感、畫面噁心,內容無核心價值、老題材、節奏慢」的作品;批評者認為同樣的票價,不如看《怒海劫》、《雷神索爾2》、《末日列車》、《搏命關頭》等好萊塢熱門院線片,而這樣強烈的指責,也引起許多大眾的反感。然而,多數反彈的聲音是落在對流浪動物的關心和人道精神支援,鮮少是針對批評者所訴求藝術成就來回應。身處二十一世紀的後現代社會,庶民大眾對美學的變化和創作力的認知差異,卻往往還是不自覺地落入傳統的窠臼。誠然,看的方法是一門學問,電影和文學的好不好「看」,往往並不在於是否符合常態的美學經驗。本專欄擬從討論現代詩的幾個里程碑,來講述西文文學的概念發展。捨棄採用引介幾位重量級的英文現代詩人的背景和作品,本文試著從不同的角度切入此議題,以求符合現代性及現代主義精神:不人云亦云地作提綱挈領之工作。因為對中文讀者介紹現代詩時,最為人煩憂的問題之一,恐怕正是不解文化脈胳,人文思想,格律隱意,只是抓住樣子的原作的譯寫,以有限的見解和研究,盼抛磚引玉,或能引起同好對英文現代詩更多興趣。

 

二、中文現代詩人看英美現代詩

 

現代中文詩的大家余光中先生認為英美現代詩歷盡變化,似乎巳經完成了一個週期。二十世紀前半發展的主流,大致上是

 

反浪漫的,主知的,古典的;在創作的風格上,是諷刺的,喻的,機智的,歧義的,或者象徵的。典型的現代詩人,在心理狀態上,是與社會隔絕的:他看不起孳孳為利的中產階級,更無法贏得勞動大眾的在三十年代,詩人們或祟拜馬克斯的謬思,或乞援佛洛依德的繆思。普羅文學消沈之後,他們多半捨馬克斯而趨佛洛依德,於是超現實主義盛行一時,而現代詩晦澀之病益深

                          (15-16)

               

余光中接著解釋,造成現代詩晦澀的一大原因,是因為信仰紛歧甚至虛無。而這種晦澀的傾向,到了二十世紀後半,有了改變,而為「明朗的風格所取代(17)。這種轉變,對我國詩人而言,卻只在意內心機制的改變,忽視古典訓練的韻腳功力,而對許多人而言,所謂現代詩有無格律又是一件需要許多篇幅才能說得清楚個中奧妙的領會。「事實上,格律之為物,全視作者如何運用而定:技巧不純的作者感到束手束腳,真正的行家駕馭有方,反而感到一種馴野馬為良駒的快意(19) 。這種看法,呼應了民國十四年,也就是十九世紀初的中國文人徐志摩對詩學的看法。時值民國文人推廣白話,但作品往往又過於浮淺的青黃不接。當時徐志摩剛接編北京《晨報副鐫》約一年,便新規劃了附屬於《晨報》的「詩刊」,是中國新詩運動以來,第一個認真討論關於新舊詩格律的刊物,他說:「我們相信完美的形體是完美的精神唯一的表現;我們相信文藝的生命是無形的靈感加上有意識的耐心與努力的成績」(羅青 216)。[1]徐志摩的這番話,傳達了文學家長久以來的形式與內容之爭;及到後現代,才有形式即內容的說法。

       

詩作為一種表達主題、意象、音調、語氣和句法都講究的文類,是一種特定美學概念的傳達,而這種特定美感經驗,又和當代的認知有關(王韶君 2013)。十九世紀的歐陸詩人講求和大自然的關係,但是又不可能和神學經驗完全切割;二十世紀的英美詩人講求破碎的自我,在心中小宇宙和重塑世界觀中,則又是另一種追求。

        這種轉念,生存重心轉變反映於文學,並非西洋文學專有。以中國的詩詞來看,可以用眾人耳熟能詳的盛唐田園詩人王維的詩風來比喻。人尊稱詩中有畫,畫中有詩的王維 (701-761),國學大師張步雲曾說:

 

晚年隱居,長齋禮佛,衣不文采。「彈琴賦詩,傲嘯終日」。過著閑居自在的生活。他前后期生活與思想的不同,決定了前后期詩歌內容與風格的迥異。前期思想積極向上,追求進取但後期由於受到挫折,思想消沈,「一生幾許傷心事,不向空門何處消」,「晚年惟好靜,萬世不關心」。因此後期的詩歌主要描寫山水田園之美及其閑適的情趣,體現出意境幽深、清靜自然及秀麗精工的藝術特色。

                                                    191

 

由於境遇而致文風轉變是詩人創作的常態。王維的轉變是投向當時中國文化裡的宗教主流(即禮佛),這和西洋文學裡著名的美國女詩人埃米莉狄更生(英文:Emily Elizabeth Dickinson,又譯艾彌莉狄瑾蓀或艾米莉狄金森,18301886)互為映照,雖然他們的時代相差,性別不同,但這安居形而上,淡然看世界的風格之相似度頗堪玩味。

 

三、時光的超脱者

 

詩人轉變成追求內心世界,不止是王維和他的佛教,也是狄更生的最佳英詩註解。也是從這個角度,我們讀到余光中評狄金森(狄瑾蓀)。余光中解釋:「狄瑾蓀的詩就是這樣:充溢著智慧,但是不喋喋說教;充溢著感情,但是不耽於自憐;富於感官經驗,但是不放縱感覺(106)。她「詩風凝煉,能發現生命的相對性甚至矛盾性,也最善於用令人難忘的異常簡潔的方式把它呈現出來,且加以調和」(余光中 107)。與同時代的惠特曼,一同被奉為美國最偉大詩人。如果在現代之始,十九世紀的美國三大詩人之中,愛倫坡屬於地獄,惠特曼屬於人間,狄金森屬於天國,因為她「神遊於時光之外,出入於永恒之中。以氣質而言,愛倫坡是貴族的,惠特曼是平民的,狄瑾蓀則是僧侶的(108)

這段余光中的妙喻,使我們想到王國維評李後主之神秀。李煜的詞不算現代,因為他的格律和意象都不脫其時代洪流。狄更生則不一樣,她雖然是十九世紀的人,但是她所思所作都同時代潮流。中國的詩人走向佛學研究來解釋宇宙和存在,英美某些詩人則是從神學出發,又回看神學。不是浪漫派的,而是更多放手對來源,正解的追求,在紮實的人文訓練中,看到主體斑駁的完整,完整的斑駁,因此評論者稱為現代詩,因為和工業革命之後人和神的疏離感放大若合符節 (Pratt 24)。也因此區隔了中西詩人所追求內心世界之不同。中國詩人因為沒有存在的問題,而是際遇的問題;中國詩人感嘆無常和多舛,卻不把這樣的思索投向質疑存有和本質。中國詩人的藝術成就是無庸置疑,作品意境幽遠,含義委婉,辭藻瑰麗奇古,在格律的框架中,翩若遊龍,實在是文學的一大饗宴,可是所謂現代詩的概念是從英美西傳,原因在此。

現代詩人面對工業機器化的社會有很深的體悟,在這方面,狄更生自己是非常喜歡科學的。就像大約晚她30年出生的知名繪本彼得兔的作者碧雅翠絲波特(Beatrix Potter, 1866 – 1943)一樣,科學觀察是她們創作的一部分。狄更生精通園藝,愛培植奇花異卉。比起詩人,狄更生生前更多的是以園藝愛好者為人所知。她們都能具體而微地將生物現象描繪,將原本無人看重的動植物賦於靈性,以另類的方式和創造主對話,一方面揚棄新興過於自負得意的自然科學,一方面也不附和貧乏便宜的宗教陳述 (Martin 45)。詩人她生於科學蓬勃新興的世紀,面對科學家們熱衷於分類和命名,她自嘲自己是個不合時宜的老古板。關於這點,以下狄更生早期的這首詩,仍遵守韻律。一開始,便對觀星變成一種汲汲於給予星星身分證定位的風潮透露非我所好的態度。雖然英詩的韻腳和詩中許多基督教的典故,以異文化的文字難以道盡其妙,今為解釋方便,暫譯如右,以供讀者對照:

 

"Arcturus" is his other name –      他名又作大角星

 

I'd rather call him "Star”!            我卻想稱他「星星」!

 

It's very mean of Science                  科學如此惡劣

 

To go and interfere!              又介入又干涉!

 

 

I slew a worm the other day –       那日我肢解一隻蟲

 

A "Savant" passing by          有位「專家」正經過

 

Murmured "Resurgam" – "Centipede"!   他喃喃“Resurgam”-「毛毛蟲」

 

"Oh Lord – how frail are we"!       「天啊──我們是多麼脆弱」!

 

 

I pull a flower from the woods –        我自林裡摘下一朵花──

 

A monster with a glass          帶著放大鏡的怪物

 

Computes the stamens in a breath –     估量著它的雄蕊

 

And has her in a "Class"!          把花兒她納入一種「屬類」

 

 

 

Whereas I took the Butterfly       我則將那蝴蝶拿出

 

Aforetime in my hat,           自稍早我安置的帽中

 

He sits erect in "Cabinets" –         他安坐於「密室」之中

 

The Clover bells forgot.          忘卻了那苜蓿鈴花

 

 

What once was "Heaven"         昔之「天堂」

 

Is "Zenith" now!             今謂「穹蒼」!

 

Where I proposed to go           我原來計畫要去之地

 

When Time's brief masquerade was done   就是當時間完竟它短暫的裝扮之事

 

Is mapped and charted too!          今亦皆被描圖作表!

 

 

What if the “poles” should frisk about      假設「地極」雀躍

 

And stand upon their heads!           上下倒置!

 

I hope I'm ready for "the worst" –         但願我預備了「最壞」打算

 

Whatever prank betides!            當這惡作劇真降臨

 

 

Perhaps the "Kingdom of Heaven's" changed.  也許「神的國度」已變

 

I hope the "Children" there             但願當我報到時 那「孩童」

 

Won't be "new fashioned" when I come –      不會變成「最流行的」

 

And laugh at me – and stare!            並笑我──又瞪我

 

 

I hope the Father in the skies          但願天上的父

 

Will lift his little girl –             搭救祂的小女孩

 

Old fashioned! naughty! everything!       祂那古板!頑皮!一切又一切!

 

Over the stile of "Pearl”!           一階階上「珍珠」之天梯

                                                                                   - F 117 (1859)  70; Dickinson: Collected Poems, p.161)

 

對分類和命名風潮抗拒或可使我們提及流行於當時藝文界的歐洲系譜學及後來學者對系譜學的批評和補充。狄更生或許沒有讀過尼采;傅柯出生時,她又早巳過世。我們先從尼采和傅科說起。哲學家王治河認為他們兩人的差距是標示現代性的差距:尼采還保留著對本源的留戀,而傅科則完全不相信本源:

 

具體講來,傅柯的系譜學方法包括以下兩大步驟或任務:其一是追溯對象的出身(出處),其二是標出對象的發生。

要實現第一個任務,(即追溯對象的出身),首先要破除人們千百年來形成的關於「本質」、「本源」、「開端」、「同一」的幻想。傅科曾明確談到:系譜學家的任務就是要摧毁本源及永恒真理的優越地位。

                        (48-49

 

許多現代詩人都不接受規範與社會期待。孤寂與特立獨行反映於詩的範圍與作用。與孤舟簑笠翁,獨釣寒江雪的遺世獨立不同之處在於對於耶穌基督救恩的思考。狄更生自己的曾表示,家人朋友們似乎都有信心找到了耶穌的真理,但自己卻不確定那就是真正神啟示的答案。這種自由又孤單的心緒,表現在詩作之中與詩人的往來信件之中,追求和實驗文字與形式的各種可能性,她打破了意符和意指的制約。1850年後,詩人風格變成異常簡約,成為她的明確招牌。常採用簡單的四重音與三重音歌謠形式,內容卻非常精練超脫。批評家大都承認狄更生的天才,但只把她看成「怪才」、「鬼才」、「偏才」,而非大詩人。狄更生的詩脫軌之處,被多數論者看作是「心有餘而力不足」,只覺得她才氣有餘,但詩藝還未到家,或格局太小。對於狄更生其人,更以傳統社會結婚生子的標準套之,將她看作一個戀愛失敗、自我封閉的女子,甚至拿她的性傾向當作題目,大肆發揮。一直到了現代派的美學觀點成為主流,她那種聲調不諧、句法支離的詩歌開始被看重,認為能夠代表現代人的感受。1950年代,首部未經竄改的狄更生詩全集出版,使人看到其詩的全貌、真貌,從此狄更生的文學地位被重新評估,已進入所謂「西方正典」。傳記作者也更多強調狄更生獨立、堅強的個性。

        最後,被奉為現代大詩人的狄更生的詩有一個字很特別,就是By the late 1850s the poems as well as the letters begin to speak with their own distinct voice. They shift from the early lush language of the 1850s valentines to their signature economy of expression. The poems dated to 1858 already carry the familiar metric pattern of the hymn. The alternating four-beat/three-beat lines are marked by a brevity in turn reinforced by Dickinson’s syntax. Her poems followed both the cadence and the rhythm of the hymn form she adopted. This form was fertile ground for her poetic exploration. Through its faithful predictability, she could play content off against form. While certain lines accord with their place in the hymn—either leading the reader to the next line or drawing a thought to its conclusion—the poems are as likely to upend the structure so that the expected moment of cadence includes the words that speak the greatest ambiguity. In the following poem, the hymn meter is respected until the last line. A poem built from biblical quotations, it undermines their certainty through both rhythm and image. In the first stanza Dickinson breaks lines one and three with her asides to the implied listener. The poem is figured as a conversation about who enters Heaven. It begins with biblical references, then uses the story of the rich man’s difficulty as the governing image for the rest of the poem. Unlike Christ’s counsel to the young man, however, Dickinson’s images turn decidedly secular. She places the reader in a world of commodity with its brokers and discounts, its dividends and costs. The neat financial transaction ends on a note of incompleteness created by rhythm, sound, and definition. The final line is truncated to a single iamb, the final word ends with an open double s sound, and the word itself describes uncertainty:

 

You’re right - ”the way is narrow” -

And “difficult the Gate” -

And “few there be” - Correct again -

That “enter in - thereat” -

 

‘Tis Costly - so are purples!

‘Tis just the price of Breath -

With but the “Discount” of the Grave -

Termed by the Brokers - ”Death”!

 

And after that - there’s Heaven -

The Good man’s - ”Dividend” -

And Bad men - ”go to Jail” -

I guess -

The late 1850s marked the beginning of Dickinson’s greatest poetic period.

詩中常有的is 其實是她的著名切點。它既代表存在主義式的存有質疑,也常被她用作再定義一般人習慣的概念與習見。定義以比較的方式進行,以此和本質論作遊戲和逃逸本質定論;許多當代台灣的現代詩人也運用了這種技巧,如陳明克寫〈阿勃勒之花〉。[2]在狄更生那裡,希望如同小鳥,蝴蝶如同撐著開合華麗陽傘的貴婦,憂傷痛悔如同不去的回憶,而放手是令人刺痛的德行(remorse described as wakeful memory; renunciation, as the “piercing virtue.”以下這首狄更生的詩,表現了很解構式的吟思和冥想:


I HIDE myself within my flower

That wearing on your breast,

You, unsuspecting, wear me too—

And angels know the rest.

 

I hide myself within my flower,

That, fading from your vase,

You, unsuspecting, feel for me

Almost a loneliness...”              

 

Emily: Collected Poems, p.35)

               

我隱身在我的花朵之中,

你採去胸前佩帶;

你並不自知也將我佩上,

其餘的有天使明白。

 

我隱身在我的花朵之中,

它在你瓶中枯萎;

你並不自知也為我感到

近乎寂寞的滋味。

                《輕喟》。余光中譯 (110)

 


這種帶著總是巳是(Always Already)的哲思,在二十世紀西洋文學界最有影響力的文評家之一,法國哲學家德希達的作品中,一再闡述。或許人同此心,無論是詩人還是文評家,都對個體和社會的互動及生存的憂傷與釋懷,有同樣的看見。

 

四、結語

 

觀看現代作品除了存在哲學的角度外,歷史和大環境的轉變也是另一個觀點。學者有云:「現代性有『混雜』(hybridity)、『擬仿』(mimicry)的基調,現代與殖民歷史重疊,二十世紀和現代性相連,而其中時間觀和空間感交互指涉。文學評論者有時會將『當下』、『現在』、『現代性』混用,但總都必須回答資本和殖民情境之後的日常生活各種曲折不均」(陳春燕 123127140)。關於空間和殖民情境裡的現代詩,容後再述。

 

引用書目

 

中文

 

王治河。〈傅柯的系譜學〉。《哲學雜誌》15 (1996)44-69

王韶君。〈詩的感知與意識〉。《台灣現代詩》。蔡秀菊編。第34期。台中:台灣現代詩人協會,2013。頁1

余光中。《英美現代詩選》。台北:水牛出版,1997The key rests in the small word is. In her poetry Dickinson set herself the double-edged task of definition. Her poems frequently identify themselves as definitions: “‘Hope’ is the thing with feathers,” “Renunciation—is a piercing Virtue,” “Remorse—is Memory—awake,” or “Eden is that old fashioned House.” As these examples illustrate, Dickinsonian definition is inseparable from metaphor. The statement that says “is” is invariably the statement that articulates a comparison. “We see—Comparatively,” Dickinson wrote, and her poems demonstrate that assertion. In the world of her poetry, definition proceeds via comparison. One cannot say directly what is; essence remains unnamed and unnameable. In its place the poet articulates connections created out of correspondence. In some cases the abstract noun is matched with a concrete object—hope figures as a bird, its appearances and disappearances signaled by the defining element of flight. In other cases, one abstract concept is connected with another, remorse described as wakeful memory; renunciation, as the “piercing virtue.”

Comparison becomes a reciprocal process. Dickinson’s metaphors observe no firm distinction between tenor and vehicle. Defining one concept in terms of another produces a new layer of meaning in which both terms are changed. Neither hope nor birds are seen in the same way by the end of Dickinson’s poem. Dickinson frequently builds her poems around this trope of change. Her vocabulary circles around transformation, often ending before change is completed. The final lines of her poems might well be defined by their inconclusiveness: the “I guess” of “You’re right - ’the way is narrow’“; a direct statement of slippage—”and then - it doesn’t stay”—in “I prayed, at first, a little Girl.” Dickinson’s endings are frequently open. In this world of comparison, extremes are powerful. There are many negative definitions and sharp contrasts. While the emphasis on the outer limits of emotion may well be the most familiar form of the Dickinsonian extreme, it is not the only one. Dickinson’s use of synecdoche is yet another version. The part that is taken for the whole functions by way of contrast. The specific detail speaks for the thing itself, but in its speaking, it reminds the reader of the difference between the minute particular and what it represents.

Opposition frames the system of meaning in Dickinson’s poetry: the reader knows what is, by what is not. In an early poem, “There’s a certain Slant of light,” Dickinson located meaning in a geography of “internal difference.” The following poem demonstrates precisely the lay of this land:

張步雲。《唐代詩歌》。合肥:安徽教育出版社,1997

陳春燕。時間與他者。《英美文學評論》13(2008):123-155

羅青。《從徐志摩到余光中》。台北:爾雅出版社,1985 

It was not death, for I stood up,

And all the dead, lie down.

It was not night, for all the bells

Put out their tongues for noon.

 

It was not frost, for on my flesh

I felt siroccos crawl,

Nor fire, for just my marble feet

Could keep a chancel cool.

 

And yet it tasted like them all,

The figures I have seen

Set orderly for burial

Reminded me of mine,

 

As if my life were shaven

And fitted to a frame

And could not breathe without a key,

And ‘twas like midnight, some,

 

When everything that ticked has stopped

And space stares all around,

Or grisly frosts, first autumn morns,

Repeal the beating ground;

 

But most like chaos, stopless, cool,

Without a chance, or spar,

Or even a report of land

To justify despair.

Emily Dickinson died in Amherst in 1886. After her death her family members found her hand-sewn books, or “fascicles.” These fascicles contained nearly 1,800 poems. Though Mabel Loomis Todd and Higginson published the first selection of her poems in 1890, a complete volume did not appear until 1955. Edited by Thomas H. Johnson, the poems still bore the editorial hand of Todd and Higginson. It was not until R.W. Franklin’s version of Dickinson’s poems appeared in 1998 that her order, unusual punctuation and spelling choices were completely restored.

 

 

英文

 

Dickinson, Emily. Collected poems [electronic resource]. Philadelphia, Pa.: Courage

    Books, c1991.

Martin, Wendy.  The Cambridge introduction to Emily Dickinson [electronic  

    resource]. Cambridge, UK;   New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Pratt, Lloyd.  Archives of American time [electronic resource]: literature and

modernity in the nineteenth century.  Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, c2010.



[1]原文引自瘂弦、梅新編的《詩學》,臺北:巨人出版社,民國五十六年,Vol 1: 427

[2] 急奔的陽光/被阿勃勒抓住/成為纍纍的花串/向同伴求救

 陽光不斷過來/花更加盛開增長/樹枝又破裂長出花

 難道不痛?/我懷疑 會不會是/陽光捕捉阿勃勒?

 一如青春擁有我?       (見《台灣現代詩》34:10。)

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